Intro

This project investigates racial disparities in police arrests in Oregon utilizing open source data. The source code and data for this project is hosted at Github

Data

The two data sources used are the “Uniform Crime Reporting” Offenses data and the Oregon 2020 Census data from Portland University.

Crime Data

The crime reporting data set is accessible directly from

https://www.oregon.gov/osp/Pages/Uniform-Crime-Reporting-Data.aspx

Population Data

The Oregon census data can be found at the website

https://www.pdx.edu/population-research/census-data-oregon

Methodology

First arrest data is loaded with OpenData-Arrests.r which reads in the corresponding data source data/OpenData-Arrests.r. The arrests are then grouped by police agency and race.

Next, census data is loaded using City_data_2020.r which reads data/City_data_2020.xlsx. There are several categories of racial demographics. I picked the set that is mutually exclusive, so the total amounts of each race will add up to 100% of the total population.

Then using Arrests_and_Census.r and the table data/agencies_cities_map_cities_only.csv the names of police departments are joined to the city names in City_data_2020. Only cities with corresponding police departments are kept.

Then using the race demographics in the census data, the percentage of each race population is calculated for each city. Then the percentage of each police department’s arrests are for each race. Then the percentage of arrests for each race is subtracted by the corresponding race population percentage for each police department/city.

Results

city black_diff latino_diff native_diff pacific_diff asian_diff other_diff
Portland city 0.1862276 0.0078308 0.0107059 0.0027849 -0.0439159 0.0032684
Gresham city 0.1664383 0.0219602 0.0068277 0.0025233 -0.0217362 0.0119291
Tigard city 0.1014884 -0.0283566 0.0096069 0.0074583 -0.0449658 0.0510874
Beaverton city 0.0943342 0.0597022 0.0047942 0.0031032 -0.0785443 0.0277005
Durham city 0.0892667 0.0138806 0.0027528 -0.0125612 -0.0097192 0.0127494
Tualatin city 0.0659328 0.0279002 0.0057392 0.0369927 -0.0140809 0.0478106

# Result Visualiazion

Map plots of each racial bias

Black arrest bias map.

Correlation Analysis

We want to inspect potential correlations between racial population density and arrest biases. First we will inspect the data to see what type of correlations we may want to perform.

From the QQ plots we see most of the data series are not normally distributed. See Appendix A3 for all the plots. So we will perform a Spearman’s correlation since the data does not meet the assumptions of the Pearson’s correlation test.

Spearman Correlation matrix

For comparison, the Pearson’s correlation. Closer inspection of data fields with statistically significant correlation values.

## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'

## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'

## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'

## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'

Sources

Oregon Crime Data

“Oregon State Police: Uniform Crime Reporting”

https://www.oregon.gov/osp/Pages/Uniform-Crime-Reporting-Data.aspx

Oregon Census Data

“Census Data for Oregon” Population Research Center

https://www.pdx.edu/population-research/census-data-oregon 

Direct link for data set:

https://drive.google.com/uc?export=download&id=1JrrmYiQUBPux8nnJ88epAAk9U5rbRDBD

Oregon Spatial Data Library

“Oregon Counties - 2015”

https://spatialdata.oregonexplorer.info/geoportal/details;id=361c06fee9de4e24a72e280fb386a771

Appendi A1 Result Table

city black_diff latino_diff native_diff pacific_diff asian_diff other_diff white_diff
Albany city 0.0235346 -0.0225748 -0.0038014 -0.0016578 -0.0061994 0.0056287 0.2675010
Ashland city 0.0287804 -0.0377530 -0.0027483 0.0008341 -0.0121306 0.0055644 0.2054211
Astoria city 0.0246091 -0.0044273 -0.0058660 -0.0000618 -0.0078740 0.0176515 0.1896999
Beaverton city 0.0943342 0.0597022 0.0047942 0.0031032 -0.0785443 0.0277005 0.1362175
Canby city 0.0372199 0.0242570 -0.0032735 0.0006623 -0.0086648 0.0306083 0.1886861
Central Point city 0.0232292 -0.0417565 -0.0030731 0.0000934 -0.0033963 0.0153080 0.2834280
Coos Bay city 0.0113537 -0.0327226 -0.0004918 -0.0002837 -0.0120556 0.0021372 0.2742899
Cornelius city 0.0383482 0.0151796 0.0035645 0.0013763 -0.0094403 0.0122736 0.2433302
Corvallis city 0.0443649 -0.0084357 0.0030090 -0.0009649 -0.0750552 0.0128432 0.2065591
Dallas city 0.0240196 0.0081686 -0.0060688 0.0031066 -0.0049034 0.0704548 0.1586937
Eugene city 0.0596165 -0.0498415 0.0018896 -0.0020539 -0.0296585 0.0025567 0.2342991
Gladstone city 0.0494311 -0.0280064 0.0000348 -0.0010644 0.0024778 0.0240082 0.1943604
Grants Pass city 0.0145665 -0.0114476 -0.0044706 0.0003052 -0.0076889 0.0339558 0.2365622
Gresham city 0.1664383 0.0219602 0.0068277 0.0025233 -0.0217362 0.0119291 0.0871984
Hermiston city 0.0307305 0.0322257 0.0129709 -0.0005022 -0.0060205 0.0024388 0.2539294
Hillsboro city 0.0554953 0.0871046 0.0052648 0.0010099 -0.0872313 0.0149716 0.1875636
Hood River city 0.0113482 0.0096894 0.0581331 0.0018013 -0.0148602 0.1523684 0.0585558
Keizer city 0.0350995 0.0274935 -0.0013591 0.0022513 -0.0062706 0.0583161 0.1618463
La Grande city 0.0130005 -0.0158912 -0.0024230 0.0060050 -0.0011011 0.0060241 0.2537900
Lake Oswego city 0.0570853 0.0297677 0.0011374 0.0048689 -0.0414114 0.0259404 0.1632883
Lincoln City city 0.0318133 -0.0071992 0.0053254 -0.0006271 -0.0029885 0.0830687 0.0950904
Medford city 0.0445965 -0.0700871 -0.0011250 -0.0005195 -0.0126036 0.0064538 0.3046542
Milwaukie city 0.0586795 -0.0460225 0.0043512 0.0039313 -0.0062679 0.0372248 0.1646858
Molalla city 0.0063021 -0.0595590 -0.0028116 0.0027111 -0.0056470 0.0339336 0.3367642
Mount Angel city 0.0262076 0.1819975 -0.0012568 0.0100858 -0.0018464 0.0224526 0.0400719
Newberg city 0.0341159 0.0547087 0.0003014 0.0029501 -0.0059047 0.0019721 0.1728955
Dundee city 0.0381107 0.0648254 0.0012895 0.0029972 -0.0009818 0.0015983 0.1602275
Newport city 0.0173853 -0.0497564 0.0281345 0.0018585 -0.0129405 0.1035567 0.1369959
Ontario city 0.0335197 -0.2593192 0.0046066 0.0003095 -0.0149590 0.0004991 0.5340982
Oregon City city 0.0374869 -0.0092845 -0.0004538 0.0026868 -0.0063048 0.0230538 0.2232033
Pendleton city 0.0163515 -0.0390412 0.1554541 -0.0003400 -0.0047501 -0.0002120 0.1074707
Philomath city 0.0174354 -0.0305506 0.0014618 -0.0000849 -0.0080880 0.0279369 0.2606744
Phoenix city 0.0059277 -0.0745663 -0.0013761 0.0007645 -0.0108556 0.0090562 0.2880329
Portland city 0.1862276 0.0078308 0.0107059 0.0027849 -0.0439159 0.0032684 0.0517027
Reedsport city 0.0142051 -0.0255216 0.0157650 0.0071283 -0.0045114 0.0577485 0.1595480
Roseburg city 0.0133484 -0.0289021 -0.0029518 -0.0002265 -0.0123026 0.0002127 0.2736122
Salem city 0.0563411 -0.0084670 0.0012332 0.0069339 -0.0151366 0.0214933 0.2044149
Seaside city 0.0270855 -0.0470185 -0.0027702 0.0003717 -0.0126992 0.0843204 0.1758684
Sherwood city 0.0498899 0.0084380 0.0062639 0.0029227 -0.0114661 0.0911312 0.1790307
Springfield city 0.0487531 -0.0628282 -0.0061947 -0.0028633 -0.0066975 -0.0013783 0.2956348
Stanfield city 0.0085394 -0.0111158 0.0211475 0.0004019 -0.0009974 0.0026695 0.2797281
Stayton city 0.0098453 -0.0336891 -0.0067491 0.0011355 -0.0052934 0.0390411 0.2854962
Sweet Home city 0.0090333 -0.0232038 -0.0077994 -0.0002876 -0.0038488 0.0096969 0.2966292
Talent city 0.0255452 -0.0637843 0.0004927 0.0016790 -0.0097823 -0.0026910 0.2648731
The Dalles city 0.0096241 -0.0051381 0.0468961 0.0015294 -0.0048047 0.0158911 0.1899059
Tigard city 0.1014884 -0.0283566 0.0096069 0.0074583 -0.0449658 0.0510874 0.1541626
Tualatin city 0.0659328 0.0279002 0.0057392 0.0369927 -0.0140809 0.0478106 0.0997649
Umatilla city 0.0061581 -0.0036837 0.0011136 0.0029646 -0.0036747 0.0046991 0.2440867
Warrenton city 0.0063395 -0.0207092 -0.0002464 -0.0021121 -0.0131457 0.0773312 0.2262403
Durham city 0.0892667 0.0138806 0.0027528 -0.0125612 -0.0097192 0.0127494 0.1808941
West Linn city 0.0509682 0.0245677 0.0092438 0.0106320 -0.0222465 0.0401412 0.1687234
Winston city 0.0128316 -0.0234045 -0.0006675 0.0004046 -0.0040518 -0.0016611 0.2853488
Woodburn city 0.0114104 0.3098694 -0.0015987 0.0000469 -0.0030108 0.0052017 -0.0307568

Appendex A2 Maps

Asian arrest bias map. Black arrest bias map. Latino arrest bias map. Native arrest bias map. Other arrest bias map. Pacific arrest bias map. White arrest bias map.

Appendix A3 Arrest Biases Arranged

city asian_diff asian_arrests_percnt asian_percnt
Gladstone city 0.0024778 0.0199531 0.0174752
Dundee city -0.0009818 0.0104450 0.0114268
Stanfield city -0.0009974 0.0022676 0.0032649
La Grande city -0.0011011 0.0078809 0.0089820
Mount Angel city -0.0018464 0.0034602 0.0053066
Lincoln City city -0.0029885 0.0150451 0.0180336
Woodburn city -0.0030108 0.0051005 0.0081113
Central Point city -0.0033963 0.0093952 0.0127915
Umatilla city -0.0036747 0.0010787 0.0047535
Sweet Home city -0.0038488 0.0007299 0.0045788
Winston city -0.0040518 0.0046593 0.0087111
Reedsport city -0.0045114 0.0040733 0.0085847
Pendleton city -0.0047501 0.0045444 0.0092944
The Dalles city -0.0048047 0.0056263 0.0104310
Dallas city -0.0049034 0.0041152 0.0090186
Stayton city -0.0052934 0.0022272 0.0075206
Molalla city -0.0056470 0.0014903 0.0071373
Newberg city -0.0059047 0.0104450 0.0163497
Hermiston city -0.0060205 0.0052950 0.0113155
Albany city -0.0061994 0.0086929 0.0148923
Milwaukie city -0.0062679 0.0161290 0.0223969
Keizer city -0.0062706 0.0102115 0.0164821
Oregon City city -0.0063048 0.0113147 0.0176195
Springfield city -0.0066975 0.0053961 0.0120936
Grants Pass city -0.0076889 0.0032581 0.0109469
Astoria city -0.0078740 0.0053860 0.0132600
Philomath city -0.0080880 0.0070522 0.0151402
Canby city -0.0086648 0.0025619 0.0112267
Cornelius city -0.0094403 0.0050548 0.0144950
Durham city -0.0097192 0.0247459 0.0344650
Talent city -0.0097823 0.0027933 0.0125756
Phoenix city -0.0108556 0.0021053 0.0129609
Sherwood city -0.0114661 0.0236439 0.0351100
Coos Bay city -0.0120556 0.0012694 0.0133250
Ashland city -0.0121306 0.0072046 0.0193352
Roseburg city -0.0123026 0.0010825 0.0133851
Medford city -0.0126036 0.0039302 0.0165338
Seaside city -0.0126992 0.0016367 0.0143359
Newport city -0.0129405 0.0036352 0.0165757
Warrenton city -0.0131457 0.0021482 0.0152939
Tualatin city -0.0140809 0.0200970 0.0341779
Hood River city -0.0148602 0.0027027 0.0175629
Ontario city -0.0149590 0.0005841 0.0155432
Salem city -0.0151366 0.0101063 0.0252428
Gresham city -0.0217362 0.0243394 0.0460756
West Linn city -0.0222465 0.0172084 0.0394549
Eugene city -0.0296585 0.0057553 0.0354139
Lake Oswego city -0.0414114 0.0203106 0.0617220
Portland city -0.0439159 0.0238033 0.0677192
Tigard city -0.0449658 0.0277895 0.0727553
Corvallis city -0.0750552 0.0111235 0.0861787
Beaverton city -0.0785443 0.0189386 0.0974829
Hillsboro city -0.0872313 0.0165104 0.1037418
city black_diff black_arrests_percnt black_percnt
Portland city 0.1862276 0.2297201 0.0434925
Gresham city 0.1664383 0.2016690 0.0352307
Tigard city 0.1014884 0.1153684 0.0138800
Beaverton city 0.0943342 0.1155560 0.0212218
Durham city 0.0892667 0.1021268 0.0128601
Tualatin city 0.0659328 0.0748441 0.0089113
Eugene city 0.0596165 0.0733892 0.0137727
Milwaukie city 0.0586795 0.0705645 0.0118850
Lake Oswego city 0.0570853 0.0633214 0.0062360
Salem city 0.0563411 0.0687375 0.0123964
Hillsboro city 0.0554953 0.0761159 0.0206206
West Linn city 0.0509682 0.0573614 0.0063932
Sherwood city 0.0498899 0.0542420 0.0043521
Gladstone city 0.0494311 0.0563380 0.0069069
Springfield city 0.0487531 0.0569825 0.0082295
Medford city 0.0445965 0.0516458 0.0070493
Corvallis city 0.0443649 0.0547617 0.0103968
Cornelius city 0.0383482 0.0446504 0.0063022
Dundee city 0.0381107 0.0399637 0.0018530
Oregon City city 0.0374869 0.0452586 0.0077717
Canby city 0.0372199 0.0401366 0.0029167
Keizer city 0.0350995 0.0415755 0.0064760
Newberg city 0.0341159 0.0399637 0.0058477
Ontario city 0.0335197 0.0403037 0.0067840
Lincoln City city 0.0318133 0.0371113 0.0052980
Hermiston city 0.0307305 0.0351740 0.0044435
Ashland city 0.0287804 0.0384246 0.0096442
Seaside city 0.0270855 0.0381888 0.0111033
Mount Angel city 0.0262076 0.0276817 0.0014741
Talent city 0.0255452 0.0279330 0.0023878
Astoria city 0.0246091 0.0293238 0.0047147
Dallas city 0.0240196 0.0267490 0.0027293
Albany city 0.0235346 0.0292897 0.0057551
Central Point city 0.0232292 0.0275984 0.0043691
Philomath city 0.0174354 0.0239774 0.0065421
Newport city 0.0173853 0.0214805 0.0040952
Pendleton city 0.0163515 0.0306147 0.0142632
Grants Pass city 0.0145665 0.0190831 0.0045166
Reedsport city 0.0142051 0.0162933 0.0020882
Roseburg city 0.0133484 0.0180775 0.0047291
La Grande city 0.0130005 0.0201401 0.0071396
Winston city 0.0128316 0.0151427 0.0023111
Woodburn city 0.0114104 0.0141014 0.0026910
Coos Bay city 0.0113537 0.0152323 0.0038786
Hood River city 0.0113482 0.0135135 0.0021653
Stayton city 0.0098453 0.0133630 0.0035177
The Dalles city 0.0096241 0.0136216 0.0039975
Sweet Home city 0.0090333 0.0116788 0.0026455
Stanfield city 0.0085394 0.0113379 0.0027985
Warrenton city 0.0063395 0.0112782 0.0049387
Molalla city 0.0063021 0.0089419 0.0026398
Umatilla city 0.0061581 0.0312837 0.0251256
Phoenix city 0.0059277 0.0126316 0.0067039
city latino_diff latino_arrests_percnt latino_percnt
Woodburn city 0.3098694 0.7071707 0.3973013
Mount Angel city 0.1819975 0.3771626 0.1951651
Hillsboro city 0.0871046 0.2466769 0.1595724
Dundee city 0.0648254 0.1553134 0.0904880
Beaverton city 0.0597022 0.1824995 0.1227973
Newberg city 0.0547087 0.1553134 0.1006047
Hermiston city 0.0322257 0.3010590 0.2688333
Lake Oswego city 0.0297677 0.0657109 0.0359431
Tualatin city 0.0279002 0.1496881 0.1217880
Keizer city 0.0274935 0.1655726 0.1380790
West Linn city 0.0245677 0.0592734 0.0347057
Canby city 0.0242570 0.1596926 0.1354356
Gresham city 0.0219602 0.1569309 0.1349707
Cornelius city 0.0151796 0.3782645 0.3630849
Durham city 0.0138806 0.1414526 0.1275720
Hood River city 0.0096894 0.1627027 0.1530134
Sherwood city 0.0084380 0.0709318 0.0624939
Dallas city 0.0081686 0.0565844 0.0484158
Portland city 0.0078308 0.0879392 0.0801084
Umatilla city -0.0036837 0.3042071 0.3078908
Astoria city -0.0044273 0.0640335 0.0684609
The Dalles city -0.0051381 0.1385845 0.1437227
Lincoln City city -0.0071992 0.0752257 0.0824249
Corvallis city -0.0084357 0.0675965 0.0760322
Salem city -0.0084670 0.1426767 0.1511436
Oregon City city -0.0092845 0.0490302 0.0583147
Stanfield city -0.0111158 0.2267574 0.2378731
Grants Pass city -0.0114476 0.0530603 0.0645079
La Grande city -0.0158912 0.0280210 0.0439122
Warrenton city -0.0207092 0.0332975 0.0540067
Albany city -0.0225748 0.0671157 0.0896905
Sweet Home city -0.0232038 0.0124088 0.0356125
Winston city -0.0234045 0.0133955 0.0368000
Reedsport city -0.0255216 0.0183299 0.0438515
Gladstone city -0.0280064 0.0387324 0.0667388
Tigard city -0.0283566 0.0644211 0.0927776
Roseburg city -0.0289021 0.0187270 0.0476291
Philomath city -0.0305506 0.0324401 0.0629907
Coos Bay city -0.0327226 0.0258949 0.0586175
Stayton city -0.0336891 0.0757238 0.1094129
Ashland city -0.0377530 0.0177714 0.0555243
Pendleton city -0.0390412 0.0420952 0.0811364
Central Point city -0.0417565 0.0293600 0.0711165
Milwaukie city -0.0460225 0.0141129 0.0601354
Seaside city -0.0470185 0.0485543 0.0955727
Newport city -0.0497564 0.0710509 0.1208073
Eugene city -0.0498415 0.0261545 0.0759960
Molalla city -0.0595590 0.0357675 0.0953266
Springfield city -0.0628282 0.0302180 0.0930462
Talent city -0.0637843 0.0474860 0.1112703
Medford city -0.0700871 0.0385655 0.1086526
Phoenix city -0.0745663 0.0315789 0.1061453
Ontario city -0.2593192 0.0081776 0.2674968
city native_diff native_arrests_percnt native_percnt
Pendleton city 0.1554541 0.1836881 0.0282341
Hood River city 0.0581331 0.0616216 0.0034885
The Dalles city 0.0468961 0.0550785 0.0081824
Newport city 0.0281345 0.0386649 0.0105304
Stanfield city 0.0211475 0.0272109 0.0060634
Reedsport city 0.0157650 0.0234216 0.0076566
Hermiston city 0.0129709 0.0177761 0.0048052
Portland city 0.0107059 0.0162369 0.0055310
Tigard city 0.0096069 0.0122105 0.0026036
West Linn city 0.0092438 0.0114723 0.0022285
Gresham city 0.0068277 0.0129810 0.0061533
Sherwood city 0.0062639 0.0097357 0.0034719
Tualatin city 0.0057392 0.0083160 0.0025768
Lincoln City city 0.0053254 0.0240722 0.0187468
Hillsboro city 0.0052648 0.0086750 0.0034101
Beaverton city 0.0047942 0.0076970 0.0029027
Ontario city 0.0046066 0.0128505 0.0082439
Milwaukie city 0.0043512 0.0100806 0.0057294
Cornelius city 0.0035645 0.0075821 0.0040176
Corvallis city 0.0030090 0.0069308 0.0039218
Durham city 0.0027528 0.0063537 0.0036008
Eugene city 0.0018896 0.0081052 0.0062155
Philomath city 0.0014618 0.0098731 0.0084112
Dundee city 0.0012895 0.0049955 0.0037060
Salem city 0.0012332 0.0092145 0.0079813
Lake Oswego city 0.0011374 0.0023895 0.0012521
Umatilla city 0.0011136 0.0151025 0.0139889
Talent city 0.0004927 0.0055866 0.0050939
Newberg city 0.0003014 0.0049955 0.0046941
Gladstone city 0.0000348 0.0046948 0.0046601
Warrenton city -0.0002464 0.0064447 0.0066911
Oregon City city -0.0004538 0.0043103 0.0047642
Coos Bay city -0.0004918 0.0137091 0.0142008
Winston city -0.0006675 0.0110658 0.0117333
Medford city -0.0011250 0.0050970 0.0062220
Mount Angel city -0.0012568 0.0034602 0.0047170
Keizer city -0.0013591 0.0065646 0.0079236
Phoenix city -0.0013761 0.0042105 0.0055866
Woodburn city -0.0015987 0.0009001 0.0024988
La Grande city -0.0024230 0.0052539 0.0076770
Ashland city -0.0027483 0.0024015 0.0051498
Seaside city -0.0027702 0.0032733 0.0060436
Molalla city -0.0028116 0.0014903 0.0043019
Roseburg city -0.0029518 0.0086599 0.0116117
Central Point city -0.0030731 0.0023488 0.0054219
Canby city -0.0032735 0.0008540 0.0041275
Albany city -0.0038014 0.0032109 0.0070123
Grants Pass city -0.0044706 0.0034908 0.0079614
Astoria city -0.0058660 0.0017953 0.0076613
Dallas city -0.0060688 0.0082305 0.0142993
Springfield city -0.0061947 0.0023743 0.0085690
Stayton city -0.0067491 0.0022272 0.0089762
Sweet Home city -0.0077994 0.0014599 0.0092593
city other_diff other_arrests_percnt other_percnt
Hood River city 0.1523684 0.1551351 0.0027668
Newport city 0.1035567 0.1087244 0.0051677
Sherwood city 0.0911312 0.0931850 0.0020538
Seaside city 0.0843204 0.0878342 0.0035137
Lincoln City city 0.0830687 0.0882648 0.0051961
Warrenton city 0.0773312 0.0816327 0.0043014
Dallas city 0.0704548 0.0740741 0.0036193
Keizer city 0.0583161 0.0619985 0.0036824
Reedsport city 0.0577485 0.0651731 0.0074246
Tigard city 0.0510874 0.0551579 0.0040705
Tualatin city 0.0478106 0.0512821 0.0034715
West Linn city 0.0401412 0.0439771 0.0038359
Stayton city 0.0390411 0.0423163 0.0032751
Milwaukie city 0.0372248 0.0423387 0.0051139
Grants Pass city 0.0339558 0.0381662 0.0042104
Molalla city 0.0339336 0.0372578 0.0033242
Canby city 0.0306083 0.0333049 0.0026966
Philomath city 0.0279369 0.0296192 0.0016822
Beaverton city 0.0277005 0.0315981 0.0038977
Lake Oswego city 0.0259404 0.0298686 0.0039282
Gladstone city 0.0240082 0.0281690 0.0041608
Oregon City city 0.0230538 0.0269397 0.0038859
Mount Angel city 0.0224526 0.0242215 0.0017689
Salem city 0.0214933 0.0249684 0.0034751
Astoria city 0.0176515 0.0239378 0.0062862
The Dalles city 0.0158911 0.0189517 0.0030606
Central Point city 0.0153080 0.0182032 0.0028952
Hillsboro city 0.0149716 0.0188890 0.0039174
Corvallis city 0.0128432 0.0178831 0.0050399
Durham city 0.0127494 0.0204655 0.0077160
Cornelius city 0.0122736 0.0143218 0.0020482
Gresham city 0.0119291 0.0152990 0.0033699
Sweet Home city 0.0096969 0.0138686 0.0041718
Phoenix city 0.0090562 0.0126316 0.0035754
Medford city 0.0064538 0.0101941 0.0037402
La Grande city 0.0060241 0.0096322 0.0036082
Albany city 0.0056287 0.0092411 0.0036124
Ashland city 0.0055644 0.0182517 0.0126873
Woodburn city 0.0052017 0.0072007 0.0019990
Umatilla city 0.0046991 0.0075512 0.0028521
Portland city 0.0032684 0.0083458 0.0050774
Stanfield city 0.0026695 0.0045351 0.0018657
Eugene city 0.0025567 0.0077646 0.0052079
Hermiston city 0.0024388 0.0037821 0.0013434
Coos Bay city 0.0021372 0.0050774 0.0029403
Newberg city 0.0019721 0.0049955 0.0030233
Dundee city 0.0015983 0.0049955 0.0033972
Ontario city 0.0004991 0.0035047 0.0030056
Roseburg city 0.0002127 0.0034640 0.0032513
Pendleton city -0.0002120 0.0035877 0.0037996
Springfield city -0.0013783 0.0025182 0.0038965
Winston city -0.0016611 0.0034945 0.0051556
Talent city -0.0026910 0.0055866 0.0082776
city pacific_diff pacific_arrests_percnt pacific_percnt
Tualatin city 0.0369927 0.0450450 0.0080524
West Linn city 0.0106320 0.0114723 0.0008402
Mount Angel city 0.0100858 0.0103806 0.0002948
Tigard city 0.0074583 0.0143158 0.0068575
Reedsport city 0.0071283 0.0071283 0.0000000
Salem city 0.0069339 0.0153823 0.0084485
La Grande city 0.0060050 0.0306480 0.0246430
Lake Oswego city 0.0048689 0.0059737 0.0011048
Milwaukie city 0.0039313 0.0070565 0.0031251
Dallas city 0.0031066 0.0041152 0.0010087
Beaverton city 0.0031032 0.0067855 0.0036823
Dundee city 0.0029972 0.0045413 0.0015442
Umatilla city 0.0029646 0.0032362 0.0002716
Newberg city 0.0029501 0.0045413 0.0015912
Sherwood city 0.0029227 0.0055633 0.0026406
Portland city 0.0027849 0.0068845 0.0040996
Molalla city 0.0027111 0.0044709 0.0017599
Oregon City city 0.0026868 0.0043103 0.0016235
Gresham city 0.0025233 0.0097357 0.0072124
Keizer city 0.0022513 0.0087527 0.0065014
Newport city 0.0018585 0.0042961 0.0024376
Hood River city 0.0018013 0.0021622 0.0003609
Talent city 0.0016790 0.0027933 0.0011143
The Dalles city 0.0015294 0.0085875 0.0070581
Cornelius city 0.0013763 0.0042123 0.0028360
Stayton city 0.0011355 0.0022272 0.0010917
Hillsboro city 0.0010099 0.0046173 0.0036074
Ashland city 0.0008341 0.0033622 0.0025281
Phoenix city 0.0007645 0.0021053 0.0013408
Canby city 0.0006623 0.0017079 0.0010456
Winston city 0.0004046 0.0005824 0.0001778
Stanfield city 0.0004019 0.0022676 0.0018657
Seaside city 0.0003717 0.0016367 0.0012649
Ontario city 0.0003095 0.0011682 0.0008587
Grants Pass city 0.0003052 0.0018618 0.0015566
Central Point city 0.0000934 0.0029360 0.0028426
Woodburn city 0.0000469 0.0012001 0.0011533
Astoria city -0.0000618 0.0023938 0.0024556
Philomath city -0.0000849 0.0014104 0.0014953
Roseburg city -0.0002265 0.0010825 0.0013090
Coos Bay city -0.0002837 0.0020310 0.0023147
Sweet Home city -0.0002876 0.0007299 0.0010175
Pendleton city -0.0003400 0.0004784 0.0008184
Hermiston city -0.0005022 0.0015129 0.0020151
Medford city -0.0005195 0.0035004 0.0040199
Lincoln City city -0.0006271 0.0010030 0.0016302
Corvallis city -0.0009649 0.0021391 0.0031040
Gladstone city -0.0010644 0.0023474 0.0034118
Albany city -0.0016578 0.0006265 0.0022843
Eugene city -0.0020539 0.0003746 0.0024285
Warrenton city -0.0021121 0.0010741 0.0031862
Springfield city -0.0028633 0.0001439 0.0030072
Durham city -0.0125612 0.0044141 0.0169753

Appendix A4 Data Distributions

Appendix B

source code available at https://github.com/russl-corey/Oregon_Crime

This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.